7 Led light running adjust speed by 4017 and 555

The led light running circuit generally cannot adjust the speed of running. Cause dull monotony. Resulting in an idea to build this circuit up. This circuit can adjust the speed of the led light as needed. Makes this circuit can be used more versatile.
Operation of the circuit is divided into two parts: frequency generators. And the display. By the frequency generator IC1 contains a number Ic timer circuit 555 and frequency generator. Defined by the R1, VR1 and C1 will be the output signal at pin 3 of IC1 sent to display section.

In display section consists of IC2, a number CD4017 IC Counter circuit is displayed by the volt at pin 3, 2, 4, 7, 10, 1 and 5, respectively, each pin. The speed depends on the frequency count obtained from pin 14 of IC2, which we can adjust VR1 adjusts the frequency from the frequency generator part

LAB REPORT # 02

	GROUP # 02

 

APPLIED PHYSICS

What is a multimeter?

•A multimeter is a devise used to measure voltage, resistance and current in electronics & electrical equipment

•It is also used to test continuity between to 2 points to verify if there is any break in circuit or line

•There are two types of multimeter Analog & Digital

–Analog has a needle style gauge

–Digital has a LCD display

A Multimeter is given below

There are 2 styles of multimeters

Switched Manually switch between ranges to get most accurate reading.

Auto Range switches between ranges automatically for best reading

Meter leads

•Red meter lead is connected to Voltage/Resistance or amperage port is considered the positive connection

•Black meter lead is always connected to the common port is considered the negative connection

•Probes are the handles used to hold tip on the tested connection

•Tips Are at the end of the probe and provides a connection point

                                                                                                   

Uses Of Multimeter:

ü Use to measure the current

ü Use to measure the voltage

ü Use to measure the resistance

ü Use to measure the frequency

                                                         

Display & Dial Settings

• Meter Dial Turn dial to change functions. Turn dial to OFF position after use.

• Panel Indicator shows each function and setting range to turn dial to.

• Probe Connections Specific for each function.                                                  

• Digital Display Shows measured value.

BREADBOARD:-

            Breadboards are used to test circuits. Wires and components are simply pushed into the holes to form a completed circuit and power can be applied. One of the main advantages of using a breadboard is that the components are not soldered and if they are positioned incorrectly they can be moved easily to a new position on the board. The diagram of breadboard is given below

EXPERIMENT OF CALCULATING THE CURRENT

APPARATUS

ü Digital Multimeter

ü Connecting wires

ü Bread board

ü Resistance

ü Voltage source

NUMERICAL:-

PARALLEL:-

V = 12V

R1 = 1000 ohms

R2 = 2200 ohms

Using

Rt = r1*r2/ r1+r2

And I = V/R

I = 17.6 mA

SERIES:-

As V = 12 V

R = 2.2 k ohm’s

Using V = IR we get the value of current

I = 5.4 mA

THE OSCILLOSCOPE

LAB REPORT # 01

Definition:-

It is a device for drawing calibrated graphs of voltage vs. time very quickly and conveniently. Such an instrument is obviously useful for the design and repair of circuits in which voltages and currents are changing with time

            The heart of the oscilloscope is a cathode ray tube or CRT. In this device we take voltage at Y-axis and time T and X-axis. Controls are provided to select the time and voltage scales needed for any given situation. The structure of Oscilloscope is given below

APPARATUS:-

·        CRO

·        Connecting Wires

·        Function Generator

PROCEDURE:-

First of all we need to calibrate the oscilloscope. To do so we have to bring the graphical line to the origin by adjusting the position from the vertical and horizontal buttons. After Calibration we connect the function generator with the CRO with connecting wires. After that a sine wave is shown on the display screen of CRO as shown in the diagram below. Now adjust the voltage/div and time/div to adjust the position of the wave. Note the readings and perform the calculations

           

CALCULATION OF PEAK TO PEAK VALUE:-

Then to calculate the peak to peak voltage we need to count the number of boxes which are above and below the mean position in the fig. shown they are 6

So the peak to peak value (Amplitude) is 6V

CALCULATION OF TIME PERIOD:-

Now to calculate the Time Period we need to count the number of boxes of a whole sine wave as shown in the Fig. above as shown in fig. they are 8 in number

The time period (T) is 8 squares x 0.002 = 0.016 s.

CALCULATION OF FREQUENCY:-

Now as we know that      

F = 1/T

Now put the value on T in the above equation we get

F = 1/0.016 sec

Frequency = F = 62.5 HZ

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:-

No Of Observation	Time set through CRO (mS)	Frequency set through Function Generator (kHz)	Voltage set through CRO (V)
1	0.5	1	0.2

Now first convert time into its SI unit

As the sine wave cover to boxes so

T = 0.0005*2 = 0.001sec

T = 0.001 sec

Now put the value of T in the above formula shown

F = 1/T

F = 1/0.001

F = 1000 Hz

Now to calculate peak to peak voltage

V = 0.2 V

V = 0.2*3

V = 0.6 v

                                                                

2 DIODE CLIPPING and CLAMPING CIRCUITS

Objectives

• Understanding the operating principle of diode clipping circuit

• Understanding the operating principle of clamping circuit

• Understanding the waveform change of diode clipping and clamping circuits

when the bias is applied

Basic Description

As you know, diodes can be used as switches depending on the biasing type,

reverse of forward. The clipping circuit, also referred to as clipper, clips off some of

the portions of the input signal and uses the clipped signal as the output signal. The

clamping circuit or clamper keeps the amplitude of the output signal same as that of

the input signal except that the D.C. level (offset) has been changed. The clamper

through which the input waveform shifts to positive direction is called positive

clamper, otherwise, is called negative clamper.

Diode Clipping Circuit

In these type of circuits, the diode is connected between the input and output

voltage terminals

the negative cycle of the input voltage can be clipped of by

this type of series clippers. Reverse of the diode pins yields to a positive cycle

clipping circuit as shown in Fig. 2.3.

Previous circuits clip the values larger or smaller than zero voltage. This

voltage, technically called “threshold voltage” and can be changed to a desired value

by inserting a D.C. voltage source. This is achieved in two different ways.

In the first type, the voltage source of Em ( positive or negative) is connected

through output terminals as in Fig. 2.4. Depending on the diode connection (normalor reverse), the values smaller (Fig.2.4.a) or greater (Fig.2.4.b) than Em is clipped

and assigned as Em. .

OUTPUT

Clamper Circuits

Clamper Circuits, or briefly clampers are used to change the D.C. level of a

signal to a desired value.( Fig 2.8 ).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Being different from clippers, clamping circuits uses a capacitor and a diode

connection. When diode is in its on state, the output voltage equals to diode drop

voltage (ideally zero) plus the voltage source, if any. Now let us examine the

clamping process for the circuit

The resulting signal after a complete cycle is shown below.

By this process, the input signal is shifted to negative D.C. value (its maximum

value is ideally zero) without any change in its amplitude ideally.

There exist again modified versions of this circuit in which a threshold value is

inserted for clamping. Following figures illustrate these modifications and resulting

outputs.